Dapsone a new diazotizing reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of nitrite in waste and natural water samples

A new diazotizing reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of nitrite is described. The method is based on diazotization-coupling reaction between dapsone and phloroglucinol in hydrochloric acid medium. The reactions were conducted at room temperature, the molor absorptivity at 425 nm is 4.28 x 10(4) 1 Mol, (1)cm(-1) and was stable for 50 h. Beer's law was obeyed in the nitrite range of 0.008 - 1.0 mug ml(-1). Tolerance limits were tested for 33 species. The method has been found to be applicable for the determination of nitrite in natural and wastewater.

The optimization of high performance liquid chromatographic method for analysis of trace microcystins in natural water bodies

The ratio of methanol., water and trifluoroacetic acid ( TFA) was regulated to change the polarity and the pH of the rinse solution and the eluent, so as to improve the high performance liquid chromatography HPLC) detection method for trace microcystines (MCs) in natural water bodies. The results showed that 40 % similar to 45 % methanol-water solution containing 0. 1 % TFA could get good effects on the rinse of impurity, and 70% methanol-water solution containing 0. 1% TFA could elute all the MCs in solid phase extraction ( SPE) cartridge ( C-18), In this way. it is suggested that, in analysis of environmental samples with high concentration of impurity, impurity should be washed with 40% similar to 45% methanol-water solution containing 0. 1% TFA, and MCs should be eluted with 70% similar to 100% methanol-water solution containing 0. 1% TFA.

Photo-sensitized oxidation in natural water via .OH radicals

A method is presented for determining production and consumption rates of .OH radicals produced photochemically in natural surface waters. It is based on the determination of the kinetics by which the concentration of a specified trace compound decreases during irradiation. In samples from Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) low production rates for .OH limit its possible effects. In addition, fast consumptions by the natural dissolved organic solutes and by the bicarbonate protect organic micropollutants from oxidation by .OH. Neither direct nor indirect H2O2 photolysis was a significant source of .OH in the lakewater studied lacking iron, whereas nitrate photolysis could have been a source. Comparison with reaction kinetic formulations allows generalizations for other types of waters.

Pendimethalin determination in natural water, baby food and river sediment samples using electroanalytical methods

This work describes the electroanalytical determination of pendimethalin herbicide levels in natural waters, river sediment and baby food samples, based on the electro-reduction of herbicide on the hanging mercury drop electrode using square wave voltammetry (SWV). A number of experimental and voltammetric conditions were evaluated and the best responses were achieved in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions at pH 8.0, using a frequency of 500 s(-1). a scan increment of 10 mV and a square wave amplitude of 50 mV. Under these conditions, the pendimethalin is reduced in an irreversible process, with two reduction peaks at -0.60 V and -0.71 V. using a Ag/AgCl reference system. Analytical curves were constructed and the detection limit values were calculated to be 7.79 mu g L(-1) and 4.88 mu g L(-1), for peak 1 and peak 2, respectively. The precision and accuracy were determinate as a function of experimental repeatability and reproducibility, which showed standard relative deviation values that were lower than 2% for both voltammetric peaks. The applicability of the proposed methodology was evaluated in natural water, river sediments and baby food samples. The calculated recovery efficiencies demonstrate that the proposed methodology is suitable for determining any contamination by pendimethalin in these samples. Additionally, adsorption isotherms were used to evaluate information about the behavior of pendimethalin in river sediment samples. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of Ir, Ru, and W as permanent modifiers for the simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se in natural water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Iridium-, Ru-, and W-coated platforms were prepared by thermal treatment of the transversely heated graphite atomizer and investigated for the simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se in tap water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The maximum pyrolysis temperature for As and Bi increased in a modifier sequence W < Ru < Ir. For Pb, Sb, and Se, this sequence was W < Ru, It. Calculated characteristic masses in the presence of It, Ru, and W were 35, 33, and 35 pg for As; 63, 51, and 52 pg for Bi; 50, 32, and 34 pg for Pb; 40, 35, and 31 pg for Sb; and 39, 39, and 93 pg for Se, respectively. Ruthenium was elected as the optimum modifier.Repeatability of the measurements was typically < 6%. Recoveries of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se added to tap water samples varied from 79 to 109%. Accuracy was also checked by analysis of five certified reference materials (CRMs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST1640 - Trace Elements in Natural Water; NIST 1643d Trace Elements in Water) and High Purity Standards (Trace Metals in Drinking Water Standards, lots #812708, #591107, and #710710). A paired t-test showed that the results for the CRMs were in agreement at the 95% confidence level with the certified values. The graphite tube lifetime was about 650 firings. multi-element determination is particularly challenging due to the necessity of carefully optimizing compromise conditions.Based on the considerations listed above, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the behavior of Ir, Ru, and W as permanent modifiers for the simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se. The performance of the proposed procedure was also verified after the ETAAS analysis of tap waters and reference materials.

Incorporation of dithiooxamide as a complexing agent into cellulose for the removal and pre-concentration of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from natural water samples

The present study describes the incorporation of a complexing agent, dithiooxamide, into microcrystalline cellulose for use in the pre-concentration of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous samples. The FTIR spectrum of the adsorbent exhibited an absorption band in the region of 800 cm-1, which confirmed the binding of the silylating agent to the matrix. Elemental analysis indicated the amount of 0.150 mmol g-1 of the complexing agent. The adsorption data were fit to the modified Langmuir equation, and the maximum amount of metal species extracted from the solution, Ns, was determined to be 0.058 and 0.072 mmol g-1 for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively. The covering fraction φ, which was 0.39 and 0.48 for Cu(II) and Cd(II), respectively, was used to estimate a 1:2 (metal:ligand) ratio in the formed complex, and a binding model was proposed based on this information. The adsorbent was applied in the pre-concentration of natural water samples and exhibited an enrichment factor of approximately 50-fold for the species studied, which enabled its use in the analysis of trace metals in aqueous samples. The system was validated by the analysis of certified standard (1643e), and the adsorbent was stable for more than 20 cycles, thus enabling its safe reutilization. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of the Conventional Façade SOS Natura and the Natural Water Tank Façade

The construction industry produces great environmental impacts to the planet. In order to tackle this problem, the European Union has put into effect Regulation No 305/2011, which compels the construction products manufacturers to carry out environmental performance studies of these products and thus make public the impact they cause on the environment. The aim of this research is to make known the environmental impacts of the SOS Natura Conventional Façade (CF) solution, obtained within the research project "SOS Natura, Vegetal Architectural Solutions" developed by the Department of Construction and Technology in Architecture of the School of Architecture of the Technical University of Madrid (Spain). In addition, we report an environmental comparative with the Natural Water Tank Façade (NWTF), studied previously by the same work group and included in the same research project.We present as well an uncertainty analysis for both façades. Following the study conducted we conclude that the NWTF profile has a slightly better environmental behaviour when compared to the CF profile for the entire life cycle in most of the impact categories analysed in this study. However it should also be noted that, in detail and at stage level, the NWTF presents a higher environmental impact than the CF.

Electroadsorption of arsenic from natural water in granular activated carbon

The adsorption and electroadsorption of arsenic from a natural water has been studied in a filter-press electrochemical cell using a commercial granular activated carbon as adsorbent and Pt/Ti and graphite as electrodes. A significant reduction of the arsenic concentration is achieved when current is imposed between the electrodes, especially when the activated carbon was located in the vicinity of the anode. This enhancement can be explained in terms of the presence of electrostatic interactions between the polarized carbon surface and the arsenic ions, and changes in the distribution of most stable species of arsenic in solution due to As(III) to As(V) oxidation. In summary, electrochemical adsorption on a filter-press cell can be used for enhancement the arsenic remediation with activated carbon in the treatment of a real groundwater.

Mechanisms that regulate the intensity of oxidation-reduction in anaerobic sediments and natural water systems : final report /

"August 1978."

Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water,

Includes index.

Biodegradation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR in natural water and biologically active slow sand filters

A bacterium (MJ-PV) previously demonstrated to degrade the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin LR, was investigated for bioremediation applications in natural water microcosms and biologically active slow sand filters. Enhanced degradation of microcystin LR was observed with inoculated (1 x 10(6) cell/mL) treatments of river water dosed with microcystin LR (> 80% degradation within 2 days) compared to uninoculated controls. Inoculation of MJ-PV at lower concentrations (1 x 10(2)-1 x 10(5)cells/mL) also demonstrated enhanced microcystin LR degradation over control treatments. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) specifically targeting amplification of 16S rDNA of MJ-PV and the gene responsible for initial degradation of microcystin LR (mlrA) were successfully applied to monitor the presence of the bacterium in experimental trials. No amplified products indicative of an endemic MJ-PV population were observed in uninoculated treatments indicating other bacterial strains were active in degradation of microcystin LR, Pilot scale biologically active slow sand filters demonstrated degradation of microcystin LR irrespective of MJ-PV bacterial inoculation. PCR analysis detected the MJ-PV population at all locations within the sand filters where microcystin degradation was measured. Despite not observing enhanced degradation of microcystin LR in inoculated columns compared to uninoculated column, these studies demonstrate the effectiveness of a low-technology water treatment system like biologically active slow sand filters for removal of microcystins from reticulated water supplies. Crown Copyright (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.